Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- project:technology_timeline:start [2017/05/30 20:06] – [Computers, information processing and machine intelligence] bluebear
+++ project:technology_timeline:start [2017/05/30 20:24] – [Genetics and medicine] bluebear
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 ^ Year ^ Event ^ Importance+Links ^
+| 1924 | First **electroencephalography (EEG)** measurements on human (by Hans Berger) | |
 | 1953 | Double-helix DNA structure discovered by Wattson, Crick and Franklin | Beginning of modern molecular genetics |
 | 1962 | First demonstration of neurogenesis in an adult mammal brain (Joseph Altman) | Up to this discovery it was believed that neurons are never newly created in adult brain |
-| 1976 | Discovery that interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a growth factor that allows to cultivate T-cells in vitro | Many years later, this knowledge will be used for production of genetically modified T cells to attack tumors (aka CAR-T), the first and important case of immunological anti-cancer medicines |
+| 1976 | Discovery that interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a growth factor that allows to cultivate T-cells in vitro | Many years later, this knowledge will be used for production of genetically modified T cells to attack tumors (aka **CAR-T**), the first and important case of immunological anti-cancer medicines |
-| 1978 | In-vitro fertilization | Will give millions of couples the ability to conceive a child when normal way fails |
+| 1978 | **In-vitro fertilization** | Will give millions of couples the ability to conceive a child when normal way fails |
-| 1985 | PCR (polymerase chain reaction) discovered by Karry Mullis | The very basic stone of modern genetic analysis |
+| 1985 | **PCR** (polymerase chain reaction) discovered by Karry Mullis | The very basic stone of modern genetic analysis |
 | 1985 | fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) first applied on a human | Used to see blood flow in various parts of the brain |
-| 1989 | T-killer cells altered to attack a specified target | Zelig Eshar shows that T-killer immunity cells can be re-targeted to attack any other cell of choice (by replacing the targeting receptor); this is considered the start of CAR-T antitumor therapy. |
+| 1989 | T-killer cells altered to attack a specified target | Zelig Eshar shows that T-killer immunity cells can be re-targeted to attack any other cell of choice (by replacing the targeting receptor); this is considered the start of **CAR-T** antitumor therapy. |
-| 1992 | Functional MRI tested on humans | Allows to measure the consumption and flow of oxygen in brain (the BOLD strategy), showing what parts of the brain are in use in the moment. First test was on human visual cortex. |
+| 1990 | **Human genome project** officially launched | |
-| 1998 | Viagra (sildenafil) approved by FDA for erectile dysfunction | A medicine originally meant for treating hypertension proved its effect on erectile dysfunction
+| 1992 | **Functional magnetic resonance (fMRI)** measurement of the brain first used on humans | Allows to measure the consumption and flow of oxygen in brain (the BOLD strategy), showing what parts of the brain are in use in the moment. First test was on human visual cortex. |
-| 2001 | "CRISPR" term coined | Acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, marks special patterns in bacterial DNA, later shown to be part of bacterial anti-viral defense together with an enzyme that targets and cuts non-familiar DNA. This will be used by humans for DNA editing, the famous CRISPR/Cas9 technique (with caspase 9 used as the cutting agent). |
+| 1996 | **Dolly the sheep**, the first animal cloned from somatic cell | |
-| 2003 | Cause for progeria found | The horrible fast-aging disease is caused by a point mutation in gene for lamin A which produces scaffolding for cell nucleus (position 1824 in the LMNA gene) |
+| 1998 | **Viagra** (sildenafil) approved by FDA for erectile dysfunction | A medicine originally meant for treating hypertension proved its effect on erectile dysfunction
-| 2003 | First idea of "gene drive" | A self-promoting gene or casette that spreads to offspring with extreme probability, described by Austin Burt in Imperial College London, can propagate a genetic change in a population with extreme speed. (Considered too dangerous for common use.) |
+| 2001 | **"CRISPR"** term coined | Acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, marks special patterns in bacterial DNA, later shown to be part of bacterial anti-viral defense together with an enzyme that targets and cuts non-familiar DNA. This will be used by humans for DNA editing, the famous CRISPR/Cas9 technique (with caspase 9 used as the cutting agent). |
+| 2003 | Cause for **progeria** found | The horrible fast-aging disease is caused by a point mutation in gene for lamin A which produces scaffolding for cell nucleus (position 1824 in the LMNA gene) |
+| 2003 | First idea of **gene drive** | A self-promoting gene or casette that spreads to offspring with extreme probability, described by Austin Burt in Imperial College London, can propagate a genetic change in a population with extreme speed. (Considered too dangerous for common use.) |
+| 2003 | **Human Genome Project** officially declared successfully completed | |
+| 2004 | **Milwaukee protocol** | Medical regimen able to rescue patients with symptomatic rabies (using pharmacologically induced coma with nutrient replacements), considered 100% fatal before; yielded much information about the behavior of the rabies virus |
 | 2005 | "Genome Sequencer 20" by Life Sciences can sequence the human genome in a month and for 300000 USD |
-| 2006 | 23andme launched | The first personal genetics web service, provides genetic analysis from saliva sample sent by mail. https://23andme.com |
+| 2006 | **23andme** launched | The first personal genetics web service, provides genetic analysis from saliva sample sent by mail. https://23andme.com |
-| 2006 | Induced pluripotent cell technology discovered | By Shinya Yamanaka, Kyoto; yielded Nobel Prize in 2012) |
+| 2006 | **Induced pluripotent cell (iPSC)** technology discovered | By Shinya Yamanaka, Kyoto; yielded Nobel Prize in 2012) |
-| 2006 | Vaccine against human papilloma virus (HPV) |
+| 2006 | Vaccine against **human papilloma virus (HPV)** |
-| 2008 | Primitive but multi-layered brain-like organoids grown from stem cells | By Yoshiki Sasai et al., RIKEN, Tokyo |
+| 2008 | Primitive but multi-layered **brain-like organoids** grown from stem cells | By Yoshiki Sasai et al., RIKEN, Tokyo |
 | 2011 | Price of whole-genome sequencing now at 5000 USD per genome (Illumina Inc.) |
-| 2014 | First working fully synthetic yeast chromosome | The chromosome was artificially synthesized from computer-stored data that was previously read from the natural chromosome, with junk and transposons deleted (!!), still works normally (Jef Boeke et al., N.Y. University Langone Medical Center). DOI: 10.1126/science.1249252 |
+| 2014 | First working fully **synthetic yeast chromosome** | The chromosome was artificially synthesized from computer-stored data that was previously read from the natural chromosome, with junk and transposons deleted (!!), still works normally (Jef Boeke et al., N.Y. University Langone Medical Center). DOI: 10.1126/science.1249252 |
 | 2014 | E. coli with two extra genetic bases (called X and Y) prepared | First case of adding new bases to DNA when the extra bases are also passed to the offspring |
 | 2014 | Emotional content of a memory engram modified by optogenetics in mouse | Emotional content of a recent memory engram in mouse was switched by optogenetic switching of neurons in the dentate gyrus (Susumu Tonegawa et al.), possibly first step in memory-modification technology. doi:10.1038/nature13725, doi:10.1126/science.1239073 |
 | 2015 | Price of whole-genome sequencing drops to 1500 USD per genome (from National Human Genome Research Institute) |
-| 2017 | Minified Cas9-like enzyme from Campylobacter jejuni used in medicine | Small enough to allow building an all-in-one adenovirus-coated capsule for CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo; first use was a test of treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. doi:10.1038/ncomms14500 |
+| 2017 | **Minified Cas9-like enzyme** from Campylobacter jejuni used in medicine | Small enough to allow building an all-in-one adenovirus-coated capsule for CRISPR-Cas9 editing in vivo; first use was a test of treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. doi:10.1038/ncomms14500 |
 | 2017 | Mouse embryo cultivated from embryonic stem cells and developed in vitro for 7 days | This is about 1/3 of mouse pregancy period, just before the embryo implants into the mother's body, a significant breakthrough for artificial womb technology. Extra-embryonic trophoblast cells were used to provide a 3D scaffolding for the embryo. DOI: 10.1126/science.aal1810 |
-| 2017 | Atlas of long non-coding RNA sequences (with precise 5' ends) launched at RIKEN, Tokyo | doi:10.1038/nature21374 |
+| 2017 | Atlas of **long non-coding RNA** sequences (with precise 5' ends) launched at RIKEN, Tokyo | doi:10.1038/nature21374 |
 | 2017 | FDA approves first anti-cancer drug, pembrolizumab, to be prescribed based on cancer genetics rather than its type | First approved use of an anti-cancer medicine based not on how the cancer superficially looks but what it really is. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500596 |