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--- project:kernellab:bsd [2020/03/07 19:39] – [The Kernel Boot Process] maxfx
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-====== Fundamentals of FreeBSD ======
-===== Getting Started with FreeBSD  =====
-[[https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorial_series/getting-started-with-freebsd | Getting Started with FreeBSD  ]]
-===== The Kernel =====
-[[https://www.bsdcan.org/2008/schedule/attachments/49_2008_uboot_freebsd.pdf| Interfacing FreeBSD with U-Boot]]
-[[https://blog.khubla.com/freebsd/building-u-boot-for-chromebook| Building u-boot for Chromebook ]]
-[[https://bsdimp.blogspot.cz/2007/10/building-bootable-freebsdi386-images.html|  Building bootable FreeBSD/i386 images  ]]
-[[https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/ctsrd/pdfs/201403-asiabsdcon2014-freebsd-smp-boot.pdf| How FreeBSD Boots: a soft-core MIPS perspective]]
-[[http://www.isysop.com/unpacking-and-repacking-u-boot-uimage-files/|http://www.isysop.com/unpacking-and-repacking-u-boot-uimage-files/]]
-[[http://www.isysop.com/unpacking-and-repacking-u-boot-images-part-2/| http://www.isysop.com/unpacking-and-repacking-u-boot-images-part-2/]]
-[[https://github.com/bitboss-ca/freebsd-arm-tools|https://github.com/bitboss-ca/freebsd-arm-tools]]
-[[https://raybsd.blogspot.cz/2012/12/|https://raybsd.blogspot.cz/2012/12/]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/blog/2014/08/03/inside-freebsd/|http://distkeys.com/blog/2014/08/03/inside-freebsd/]]
-[[https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-manage-ports-on-freebsd-10-1|https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-manage-ports-on-freebsd-10-1]]
-===== The Kernel Boot Process =====
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2014/07/08/boot-freebsd.html| Boot Freebsd ]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2014/08/03/system-call.html | System Call  ]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2014/08/04/open-system-call.html | Open System Call ]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2014/12/31/fork-freebsd.html| Fork]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2014/12/31/signal-code-in-freebsd.html| Signal]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2015/01/02/virtual-memory-1.html| Virtual memory 1 ]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2015/01/02/virtual-memory-2.html| Virtual memory 2 ]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2015/01/02/virtual-memory-3.html| Virtual memory 3 ]]
-[[https://distkeys.com/operating%20systems/2015/04/12/virtual-memory-4.html| Virtual memory 4 ]]
-[[https://bsdmag.org/basic-unix-queuing-techniques/ | Kernel Mode Queues ]]
-[[https://bsdmag.org/dynamic-memory-allocation-unix-systems/| Dynamic Memory Allocation in Unix Systems ]]
-===== FreeBSD Kernel Porting Guide =====
-[[https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/arch-handbook/index.html | FreeBSD Architecture Handbook]]
-==== Do you like backdoors ? (Its fixed) ====
-[[https://elkamika.blogspot.com/2019/09/freebsd-kernel-icmp-backdoor-part-3.html| https://elkamika.blogspot.com/2019/09/freebsd-kernel-icmp-backdoor-part-3.html]]
-[[https://elkamika.blogspot.com/2019/09/freebsd-kernel-stack-unrolling-and-safe.html | https://elkamika.blogspot.com/2019/09/freebsd-kernel-stack-unrolling-and-safe.html ]]
-==== Kernel Porting to ARM Board ====
-[[https://www.bidouilliste.com/blog/2015/11/27/Porting-FreeBSD-to-a-new-ARM-Board-Part-1/|https://www.bidouilliste.com/blog/2015/11/27/Porting-FreeBSD-to-a-new-ARM-Board-Part-1/]]
-[[https://www.bidouilliste.com/blog/2015/11/27/Porting-FreeBSD-to-a-new-ARM-Board-Part-2/|https://www.bidouilliste.com/blog/2015/11/27/Porting-FreeBSD-to-a-new-ARM-Board-Part-2/]]
-[[https://www.bidouilliste.com/blog/2015/11/27/Porting-FreeBSD-to-a-new-ARM-Board-Part-3/|https://www.bidouilliste.com/blog/2015/11/27/Porting-FreeBSD-to-a-new-ARM-Board-Part-3/]]
-==== NetBooting ARM/MIPS ====
-[[https://kernelnomicon.org/?p=306 | Netbooting ARM/MIPS devices: server setup ]]
-[[https://kernelnomicon.org/?p=327 | Netbooting ARM/MIPS devices: kinds of kernel and u-boot ]]
-==== Kernel Debug, BackTrace ====
-[[https://backtrace.io/blog/backtrace/improving-freebsd-kernel-debugging/]]
-[[https://gist.github.com/bijanebrahimi/f2eb0c620d81aa6234e121a0ddd88cc2]]
-[[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/ctl-alt-esc-not-taking-me-to-kernel-debugger.40111/]]
-[[https://riptutorial.com/freebsd/example/23734/download-the-latest-source-code]]
-[[https://elkamika.blogspot.com/2019/06/freebsd-kernel-remote-debugging-part1.html?m=1]]
-[[https://blog.hostileadmin.com/2012/09/25/so-you-want-a-freebsd-debugging-kernel/]]
-==== Extended firmware interface (Efi) ====
-[[https://bsdmag.org/beyond-bios-the-extended-firmware-interface-efi/ | https://bsdmag.org/beyond-bios-the-extended-firmware-interface-efi/]]
-==== Internal Talks ====
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwbqBdghh6E|FreeBSD Kernel Internals, Dr. Marshall Kirk McKusick ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfiTV9QWhM4|An Overview of Locking in the FreeBSD Kernel - Kirk McKusick, EuroBSDcon 2012 ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E04LxKiu79I|An Overview of Security in the FreeBSD Kernel, Dr. Marshall Kirk McKusick ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ds77e3aO9nA|A Narrative History of BSD, Dr. Kirk McKusick]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oWcfUt9QUs|Systems, Science and FreeBSD, George Neville-Neil]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-iKNtfBySg|The Realities of DTrace on FreeBSD, by George Neville Neil (EuroBSDcon 2017)]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnCClGMzB58|Tuning FreeBSD for routing and firewalling, by Olivier Cochard-Labbé (EuroBSDcon 2017)]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMUf6VGK2fI|Brian Kidney: The Realities of DTrace on FreeBSD - BSDCan 2017 ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8f9TREeqb5o|An introduction to the implementation of ZFS by Kirk McKusick]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQp_FglfzUQ|ZFS Internals Overview by Kirk McKusick ]]
-==== FreeBSD is not a Linux distribution ====
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwbO4eTieQY|FreeBSD: Not a Linux Distro, George Neville-Neil ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ps67ECyh0sM|FreeBSD is not a Linux distribution: Philip Paes]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cofKxtIO3Is|Convincing a Linux guy to use FreeBSD :-) ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnO4S7kb7vg|What is FreeBSD by Gavin Atkinson]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A5rmG2j4Lk8|Case Study: Switching from Linux to FreeBSD ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mri66Uz6-8Y|Jordan Hubbard - FreeBSD: The Next 10 Years]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TneLO5TdW_M|Rick Reed - WhatsApp: Half a billion unsuspecting FreeBSD users]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsBxS2WswBw | Michael W. Lucas talks FreeBSD ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ib7tFvw34DM|The Trouble with FreeBSD ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mv_oKFzACM| NYLUG Presents: George Neville-Neil on FreeBSD and Linux, a comparative analysis (Feb 19, 2014)]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CehSeSVgEUA|LFNW 2018: Switching to the BSDs: A crash course in FreeBSD, FreeNAS, TrueOS and OpenBSD ]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kShjboN6ek&list=PLnTFqpZk5ebBqq5-LCFPLjPMxe4Ml7Fc8&index=2 | George Neville-Neil, Security Fantasies and Realities for the BSDs]]
-==== FreeBSD BSDCons ====
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8kAVmvlBLQ&list=PLeF8ZihVdpFegPoAKppaDSoYmsBvpnSZv&index=1 | BSDCon 2019]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SeQ345njH1s&list=PLeF8ZihVdpFfkICtA2HFsZecdC28_mrQh | BSDCon 2018 ]]
-==== FreeBSD ASIANBSDCON 2018 ====
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1B_6iGY2lU|P01A: Institutionalizing FreeBSD Isolated and Virtualized Hosts -- Michael Dexter]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLlzep0IxVY|P02A: Tuning FreeBSD for routing and firewalling -- Olivier Cochard Labbe]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwbLuQDoxuQ|P03A: PC BSD evolves into TrueOS - Kris Moore]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5cx9hEhxfE|P04A: FreeBSD ARM32ARM64 Porting to a new board - Emmanuel Vadot]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeJ2ztPasso|P05A: Profiling the FreeBSD kernel boot -- Colin Percival]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzF9e4jrnJ4|P06A: Role based Access Control in BCHS Web Applications -- Kristaps Dzonsons]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOVoylirkUU|P07A: OpenBSD/x-ray: OpenBSD on medical x-ray machines -- Henning Brauer]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBLSvTQY7xw|P08A: Improving netdump hardware support and performance with iflib -- Sam Gwydir]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mOFFovdAw0|P09A: Introducing FreeBSD VPC -- Sean Chittenden]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcrnXQ7xp7k|AsiaBSDCon 2018 Work in Progress Session and Closing]]
-==== FreeBSD ASIANBSDCON 2017 ====
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zyF7Kbxj3o|AsiaBSDCon 2017 Opening - Hiroki Sato]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuqADfhqwa8|P01A: Understandings NFSv4 ACLs - John Hixson]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_HqMATqtlA|P01B: Bulk building in the many core era - Joerg Sonnenberger]]
-[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Cni50vnlto|P01C: OpenBSD pf+rdomains create splendid multi tenancy firewalls - Philipp Buehler]]
-===== Tweaking a Running Kernel =====
-==== Tuning tips ====
-[[https://calomel.org/freebsd_network_tuning.html|FreeBSD network tuning]]
-[[https://calomel.org/network_performance.html|Network performance]]
-[[https://cooltrainer.org/a-freebsd-desktop-howto/|https://cooltrainer.org/a-freebsd-desktop-howto/]]
-[[http://www.packetwatch.net/documents/guides/2008030201.php|http://www.packetwatch.net/documents/guides/2008030201.php]]
-[[https://home.nuug.no/~peter/pf/en/|Firewalling with OpenBSD's PF packet filter]]
-[[https://www.freebsdnews.com/2017/07/18/building-bsd-home-router-pt-4-installing-pfsense/|Building-bsd-home-router-pt-4-installing-pfsense/]]
-[[https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/a-comparative-introduction-to-freebsd-for-linux-users|comparative-introduction-to-freebsd-for-linux-users ]]
-[[http://truelogic.org/wordpress/2015/09/24/freebsd-how-to-clean-and-rebuild-all-ports-with-portmaster/|How to clean and rebuild all ports with Portmaster]]
-[[http://www.wonkity.com/~wblock/docs/html/disksetup.html|http://www.wonkity.com/~wblock/docs/html/disksetup.html]]
-[[http://www.freebsdmadeeasy.com/tutorials/freebsd/schedule-tasks-with-crontab.php|schedule-tasks-with-crontab]]
-[[http://blog.up-link.ro/how-to-set-up-a-freebsd-router-step-by-step-tutorial/|Freebsd router step by step]]
-[[https://unixblogger.com/2011/10/18/the-pain-of-an-realtek-rtl8111rtl8168-ethernet-card/|The pain of a Realtek (RTL8111/RTL8168) ethernet card]]
-[[http://blog.ataboydesign.com/2014/04/23/freebsd-10-mounting-usb-drive-with-ext4-filesystem/|Mounting drive with ext4 filesystem]]
-[[https://www.garron.me/en/bits/change-permissions-recursively.html|Change permissions]]
-[[https://unrelenting.technology/articles/freebsd-on-the-thinkpad-x240|Freebsd on the Thinkpad x240]]
-==== Linux® emulation in FreeBSD ====
-[[https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/linux-emulation/article.html | Linux® emulation in FreeBSD ]]
-==== How to Become a FreeBSD Committer ====
-[[https://wiki.freebsd.org/BecomingACommitter|How to Become a FreeBSD Committer]]
-==== Bios ====
-[[http://opensecuritytraining.info/IntroBIOS_files/Day1_01_Advanced%20x86%20-%20BIOS%20and%20SMM%20Internals%20-%20QuickAsideTools.pdf | Intro BIOS]]
-====== Build ports ======
-==== Reference ====
-* [[https://networking.ringofsaturn.com/Unix/createportpatch.php|Creating a FreeBSD Port Patch]]
-* [[http://zewaren.net/site/node/172|Build your own FreeBSD ports and make packages out of them using jails, poudriere and portshaker ]]
-* [[https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/ports-poudriere.html|Building Packages with Poudriere]]
-* [[https://github.com/freebsd/poudriere/wiki|Poudriere wiki]]
-* [[http://www.freebsd.cz/doc/en/books/porters-handbook/own-port.html|Making a New Port]]
-==== Portmaster ====
-<code>
-portmaster -L - Check all update for ports
-portmaster -a - Upgrade ports
-portmaster -af - Rebuild of installed application
-</code>
-==== Build ports with Poudriere ====
-Create it ports tree for poudriere
-<code>
-poudriere ports -c
-</code>
-Configure poudriere, file system, ram, etc...
-<code>
-/usr/local/etc/poudriere.conf
-</code>
-List port tree
-<code>
-poudriere ports -l
-PORTSTREE METHOD   TIMESTAMP           PATH
-default   portsnap 2019-07-10 21:47:49 /usr/local/poudriere/ports/default
-</code>
-Create it jail for build and the target system
-<code>
-poudriere jail -c -j freebsd_11-2x64 -v 11.2-RELEASE -a amd64
-</code>
-List the jails
-<code>
-sudo poudriere jail -l
-JAILNAME        VERSION          ARCH  METHOD TIMESTAMP           PATH
-freebsd_11-2x64 11.2-RELEASE-p11 amd64 ftp    2019-07-10 20:48:07 /usr/local/poudriere/jails/freebsd_11-2x64
-</code>
-Copy your port files to /usr/local/poudriere/default/
-and then build it port for example
-<code>
-sudo poudriere testport -o lang/halide -j freebsd_11-2x64
-</code>
-==== Debug ports ====
-Just put the following line to /etc/make.conf. Then recompile port with debug symbol.
-<code>
-WITH_DEBUG=    yes
-</code>
-more information in
-<code>
-/usr/ports/Mk/bsd.port.mk
-</code>
-==== Debug Makefile ====
-Debug makefile for your port
-<code>
-make -d A
-</code>
-====== Desktop tips ======
-==== Steam on FreeBSD ====
-[[https://github.com/SteamOnFreeBSD/SteamOnFreeBSD|Steam on FreeBSD]]
-==== Bitcoin Full Node ====
-[[https://bsdmag.org/5374-2/|https://bsdmag.org/5374-2/]]
-==== Tuning Power Laptops ====
-[[https://wiki.freebsd.org/TuningPowerConsumption|https://wiki.freebsd.org/TuningPowerConsumption]]
-==== Optimus on Freebsd - Hot fix ====
-Comment out Nvidia-related parts from your [[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?xorg.conf|xorg.conf ]]:
-<code>
-...
-Section "Device"
-    Identifier  "Card0"
-    Driver      "intel"
-    BusID       "PCI:0:2:0"
-EndSection
-#Section "Device"
-#   Identifier  "Card1"
-#   Driver      "nvidia"
-#   BusID       "PCI:1:0:0"
-#EndSection
-...
-</code>
-Then add the following bits to [[https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?rc.conf|rc.conf(5) ]]:
-<code>
-kld_list='i915kms'
-</code>
-==== NTPD synchronize ====
-<code>
-ntpdate_enable="YES"
-ntpdate_hosts="in.pool.ntp.org"
-</code>
-Or manually update time and date <WRAP center round important 60%> securelevel on 2 then you cannot set time only about second. </WRAP>
-<code>
-ntpdate -b pool.ntp.org
-sudo service ntpd start
-</code>
-==== Disable Beep ====
-<code>
-# sysctl hw.syscons.bell=0
-</code>
-or if you use XFCE
-<code>
-set bell-style none
-</code>
-==== Change standard shell to fish ====
-You must add line in /etc/shells for example fish shell
-<code>
-/usr/local/bin/fish
-</code>
-Change shell and path your favorite shell
-<code>
-chsh -s /usr/local/bin/fish
-</code>
-=== Paths for shell ===
-If you need PATH for example compiler or some options
-<code>
-# ASAN settings
-set -x ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH /usr/local/llvm50/bin/llvm-symbolizer
-set -x ASAN_OPTIONS verbosity=1
-set -x ASAN_OPTIONS symbolize=1
-set -x ASAN_OPTIONS detect_stack_use_after_scope=1
-# UBSAN settings
-set -x UBSAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH /usr/local/llvm50/bin/llvm-symbolizer
-set -x UBSAN_OPTIONS verbosity=2
-# MSAN
-set -x MSAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH /usr/local/llvm50/bin/llvm-symbolizer
-set -x MSAN_OPTIONS fsanitize-memory-track-origins=2
-set -x MSAN_OPTIONS verbosity=2
-set -x MSAN_OPTIONS symbolize=1
-</code>
-==== Nano tuning ====
-<code>
-set constantshow
-set smooth
-set autoindent
-set casesensitive
-set historylog
-set morespace
-syntax "comments" ".*"
-color blue "^#.*"
-## nanorc files
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/asm.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/awk.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/c.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/cmake.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/css.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/debian.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/fortran.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/gentoo.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/groff.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/html.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/java.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/makefile.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/man.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/mgp.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/mutt.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/nanorc.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/objc.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/ocaml.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/patch.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/perl.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/php.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/pov.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/python.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/ruby.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/sh.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/tcl.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/tex.nanorc"
-include "/usr/local/share/nano/xml.nanorc"
-</code>
-==== QT Creator - Debugging ====
-I cannot debug C/C++ programs because message "No symbol table is loaded. Use the \"file\" command" …
-Best solution is install //devel/gdb// with path ///usr/local/bin/gdb//
-====== Touchpad ======
-===== Touchpad reference =====
-[[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/how-to-use-synaptics-driver-for-better-touchpad-features.54872/]]
-[[http://freebsd.1045724.x6.nabble.com/Glidepoint-Scrolling-td4084250.html]]
-[[https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/x.html#idp59892168]]
-[[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/synaptics-touchpad-on-dell-inspiron-5150.19707/]]
-[[http://kenbsd.blogspot.com/2015/12/setting-up-horizontal-scroll-on-freebsd.html]]
-[[https://www.reddit.com/r/freebsd/comments/7o2v62/your_xorgconfd_touchpad_configuration/]]
-[[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/synaptics-touchpad-right-key-on-r60.10125/]]
-[[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/solved-mouse-pointer-wont-move-for-acer-laptop-touchpad.37329/]]
-[[https://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-x11/2009-July/008638.html]]
-[[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/touchpad-not-recognized-generic-ps-2-mouse-instead.50318/#post-281745]]
-[[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/synaptics-driver-not-loading-elantech-touchpad.59207/#post-339241]]
-[[https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/cannot-manage-display-mouse-from-xfce4-settings-menus.63988/#post-371562]]
-====== Mount ======
-==== Mount msdosfs ====
-<code>
-# ls /dev/da*
-# mount_msdosfs /dev/da0 /media/usb
-</code>
-==== ReMount /etc/fstab ====
-<code>
-mount -av
-</code>
-==== Mount ext2/ext3/ext4 ====
-Fuse-ext2 mounts an ext2/ext3/ext4 partition or image file
-For control kernels fuse modules is command:
-<code>
-kldstat
-</code>
-If you don't have fuse.ko module in the kernel you use this command
-<code>
-kldload fuse
-</code>
-Then mount your partition
-<code>
-fuse-ext2  /dev/your_partition /media/
-</code>
-==== Mount NTFS ====
-For mounting ntfs file system you must kernel module loaded.
-For control kernels fuse modules is command:
-<code>
-kldstat
-</code>
-and load FUSE kernel module:
-<code>
-kldload fuse
-</code>
-and then you can mount ntfs filesystem.
-<code>
-# ls /dev/da*
-# ntfs-3g  /dev/your_partition  /mnt/
-</code>
-==== Automounting Removable Media ====
-Uncomment in config file in /etc/auto_master
-<code>
-/media        -media        -nosuid
-</code>
-Add lines to /etc/devd.conf
-<code>
-notify 100 {
-    match "system" "GEOM";
-    match "subsystem" "DEV";
-    action "/usr/sbin/automount -c";
-};
-</code>
-Reload service
-<code>
-service automount reload
-service devd restart
-</code>
-and added configuration /etc/rc.conf
-<code>
-autofs_enable="YES"
-</code>
-====== Introduction ZFS ======
-[[http://tate.cx/improving-zfs-performance/]]
-===== Mount ZFS =====
-<code>
-zpool import
-</code>
-For control command mount.
-===== Mount ZFS from Live CD =====
-<code>
-zpool import -fR /media zroot
-</code>
-===== Tuning zfs on i386 =====
-If you will have i386 OS you must set wm.kmem_size="512M" and vm.kmem_size_max="" is minimal value.
-This is little tunables
-more information on http://www.freebsd.cz/doc/handbook/zfs-advanced.html
-<code>
-vfs.zfs.prefetch_disable=0
-vm.kmem_size="512M"
-vm.kmem_size_max="768M"
-vfs.zfs.arc_max="40M"
-vfs.zfs.vdev.cache.size="5M"
-</code>
-===== Resize partition =====
-We added space for virtual disk (VirtualBox, or other)
-but we have disk CORRUPT
-<code>
-lol@ ~/> gpart show ada0
-=>      40  41942960  ada0  GPT  (39G) [CORRUPT]
-      1024     1  freebsd-boot  (512K)
-       984        - free -  (492K)
-   4194304     2  freebsd-swap  (2.0G)
-   4196352  37744640     3  freebsd-zfs  (18G)
-  41940992      2008        - free -  (1.0M)
-</code>
-Fix is easy :
-<code>
-gpart recover ada0
-</code>
-Now we need resize partion 3.
-<code>
-lol@ ~/> gpart show
-=>      40  81919920  ada0  GPT  (39G)
-      1024     1  freebsd-boot  (512K)
-       984        - free -  (492K)
-   4194304     2  freebsd-swap  (2.0G)
-   4196352  37744640     3  freebsd-zfs  (18G)
-  41940992  39978968        - free -  (19G)
-</code>
-<code>
-lol@ ~/> zpool list
-NAME    SIZE  ALLOC   FREE  EXPANDSZ   FRAG    CAP  DEDUP  HEALTH  ALTROOT
-zroot  17.9G  17.3G   621M         -    76%    96%  1.00x  ONLINE  -
-</code>
-For device is Busy , we have set this value:
-<code>
-lol@ ~/> sysctl kern.geom.debugflags=16
-kern.geom.debugflags: 0 -> 16
-</code>
-Now resize partition number 3
-<code>
-lol@ ~/> gpart show
-=>      40  81919920  ada0  GPT  (39G)
-      1024     1  freebsd-boot  (512K)
-       984        - free -  (492K)
-   4194304     2  freebsd-swap  (2.0G)
-   4196352  37744640     3  freebsd-zfs  (18G)
-  41940992  39978968        - free -  (19G)
-lol@ ~/> sudo gpart resize -i 3 ada0
-ada0p3 resized
-lol@ ~/> gpart show
-=>      40  81919920  ada0  GPT  (39G)
-      1024     1  freebsd-boot  (512K)
-       984        - free -  (492K)
-   4194304     2  freebsd-swap  (2.0G)
-   4196352  77723608     3  freebsd-zfs  (37G)
-</code>
-Last step with zfs pool:
-<code>
-lol@ ~/> sudo zpool set autoexpand=on zroot
-lol@ ~/> sudo zpool online -e zroot ada0p3 ada0p3
-</code>
-Control space in zpool.Size of zroot is right.
-<code>
-lol@ ~/> zpool list
-NAME    SIZE  ALLOC   FREE  EXPANDSZ   FRAG    CAP  DEDUP  HEALTH  ALTROOT
-zroot    37G  17.3G  19.7G         -    36%    46%  1.00x  ONLINE  -
-</code>
-<code>
-lol@ ~/Desktop> sudo sysctl kern.geom.debugflags=0
-kern.geom.debugflags: 16 -> 0
-</code>
-====== Virtualbox ======
-===== Virtuabox in FreeBSD =====
-Added line with kernel module to /boot/loader.conf
-<code>
-vboxdrv_load="YES"
-</code>
-Added line for bridged or host-only networking to /etc/rc.conf
-<code>
-vboxnet_enable="YES"
-</code>
-Added to group
-<code>
-pw groupmod vboxusers -m yourusername
-chown root:vboxusers /dev/vboxnetctl
-chmod 0660 /dev/vboxnetctl
-</code>
-Permanent permisions added lines to /etc/devfs.conf
-<code>
-own     vboxnetctl root:vboxusers
-perm    vboxnetctl 0660
-</code>
-===== FreeBSD as guest Virtualbox =====
-Write to /etc/rc.conf
-<code>
-vboxguest_enable="YES"
-vboxservice_enable="YES"
-</code>
-======  Wifi and FreeBSD  ======
-===== How to setup WIFI card =====
-<code>
-pciconf -l - look for if see wifi hardware
-sudo ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev wpi0
-sudo wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
-</code>
-===== How to setup USB WIFI =====
-Add kernel module to /boot/loader.conf
-<code>
-# Kernel module for wifi
-if_ath_load="YES"
-if_iw_load="YES"
-# Next wifi kernel modules
-wlan_wep_load="YES"
-wlan_ccmp_load="YES"
-wlan_tkip_load="YES"
-</code>
-Add to configure /etc/rc.conf this lines.
-Configure you wifi device.
-<code>
-wlans_run0="wlan0"
-create_args_wlan0="wlanmode sta country CZ indoor"
-</code>
-Look to your hardware if you have drivers.
-<code>
-# Look for if see wifi hardware (wpi, run0)
-pciconf -l
-# Create a device with name wlan0
-sudo ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev wpi0
-# Create wpa_supplicant configure file with ssid network
-sudo wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
-# Scan your wifi networks
-ifconfig wlan0 up scan
-SSID/MESH ID    BSSID              CHAN RATE   S:N     INT CAPS
-lol        00:13:46:49:41:76   11   54M -90:96   100 EPS  WPA WME
-trololo    00:11:95:c3:0d:ac    1   54M -83:96   100 EPS  WPA
-# IP address from DHCP server
-sudo dhclient wlan0
-</code>
-====== GELI ======
-<code>
-Install CD -> Partition -> Shell
-gpart create -s gpt vtbd0
-gpart add -t freebsd-boot -s 512k -a 4k vtbd0
-gpart add -t freebsd-ufs -a 1M vtbd0
-gpart bootcode -b /boot/pmbr -p /boot/gptboot -i 1 vtbd0
-geli init -b -g vtbd0p2
-geli attach vtbd0p2
-newfs -j /dev/vtbd0p2.eli
-mount /dev/vtbd0p2.eli /mnt
-- /tmp/bsdinstall_etc/fstab
-/dev/vtbd0p2.eli / ufs rw,noatime 1 1
-- /tmp/bsdinstall_boot/loader.conf
-geom_eli_load="YES"
-exit (installer will continue)
-Change  /dev/vtbd0p2.eli to gptid/rawuuid (gpart list):
-/dev/gptid/015ceb9a-90a4-11e6-b8fc-1392a9ed1847 / ufs rw,noatime 1 1
-</code>
-====== FreeBSD Security ======
-===== Security on FreeBSD =====
-To check the status of the securelevel on a running system: Add to /etc/sysctl.conf
-<code>
-kern.securelevel=2
-security.bsd.see_other_uids=0
-security.bsd.stack_guard_page=1
-net.inet.ip.random_id=1
-</code>
-more : [[https://www.freebsd.org/doc/faq/security.html|https://www.freebsd.org/doc/faq/security.html]]
-===== Enabling and Utilizing Process Accounting =====
-Tracking information such as CPU statistics and executed commands.
-<code>
-touch /var/account/acct
-chmod 600 /var/account/acct
-accton /var/account/acct
-echo 'accounting_enable="YES"' >> /etc/rc.conf
-</code>
-====== Troubleshooting with FreeBSD ======
-===== SSH =====
-==== Too many authentication failures ====
-If You are not able to authenticate via ssh and message "Too many authentication failures" is logged in /var/log/auth.log you probably have more than 2 keys loaded in your ssh agent that are failing to authenticate. To solve this unload keys you are not using from ssh agent (ssh-add -d path/ ssh-add -D), use ssh -i path_to_key or create an appropriate section in your ~/.ssh/config with IdentityFile.
-===== BOOT on FreeBSD =====
- ==== Fatal double fault FreeBSD 10.3 - i386 , FreeBSD 11 - i386  ====
-The fatal double fault is a problem on FreeBSD - i386 with ZFS file system.
-As described in /usr/src/UPDATING entry 20121223, rebuilding the kernel with options KSTACK_PAGES=4 has been observed to resolve the boot-time crash.
-This, however, is not an ideal solution for inclusion in the GENERIC kernel configuration, as increasing KSTACK_PAGES
-implicitly decreases available usermode threads in an environment that is already resource-starved.
-You must do this steps for new kernel:
-<code>
-# mkdir -p /usr/src
-# svnlite co svn://svn.freebsd.org/base/releng/10.2 /usr/src
-# make -C /usr/src kernel-toolchain
-# printf "include GENERIC\noptions KSTACK_PAGES=4\n" > /usr/src/sys/i386/conf/ZFS
-# make -C /usr/src buildkernel KERNCONF=ZFS
-# make -C /usr/src installkernel KERNCONF=ZFS
-</code>
-For FreeBSD 10.3 - More information on page https://www.freebsd.org/releases/10.3R/errata.html
-For FreeBSD 11.0 - More information on page https://www.freebsd.org/releases/11.0R/errata.html
-==== How to boot from live CD ====
-If is a problem with boot on FreeBSD and cannot run the system.
-Back to FreeBSD menu and choose option 3. ( Escape to loader prompt )
-For help in command line is command help or ? (list of commands )
-help set are options for the command set
-For boot from CD is commnad
-<code>
-set boot_cdrom (for mount filesystem)
-boot
-</code>
-Look for a mounted filesystem with command mount.If you haven't zfs filesystem mounted you must run command and connect zpool :
-<code>
-zpool import -f zroot
-</code>
-==== How to mount disk with geli from live CD  ====
-Boot live system ...
-<code>
-geli attach /dev/ada0p3
-password:
-</code>
-The command mount only part of filesystem.
-For example /usr; /tmp; /var; but not /boot
-<code>
-zpool import -f /mnt zroot
-</code>
-The command mount /boot etc..
-<code>
-zfs mount zroot/ROOT/default
-</code>