brmlab

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==== Closest 10-10 Electrode position to each Brodmann area ====

  *Area 	LEFT 	RIGHT
  *ba01 	C3 	C4
  *ba02 	C3 	C4
  *ba03 	C3 	C4
  *ba04 	C3 	C4
  *ba05 	C1 	CP2
  *ba06 	FC3 	FC4
  *ba07 	P1 	P2
  *ba08 	F1 	F2
  *ba09 	AF3 	AF4
  *ba10 	FP1 	FP2
  *ba11 	AF7 	FPz
  *ba17 	O1 	O2
  *ba18 	O1 	O2
  *ba19 	PO7 	PO4
  *ba20 	FT9 	FT10
  *ba21 	T7 	T8
  *ba22 	T7 	T8
  *ba23 	Pz 	Pz
  *ba24 	F1 	F2
  *ba31 	Pz 	Pz
  *ba32 	F1 	AFz
  *ba37 	P7 	P8
  *ba38 	FT9 	FT10
  *ba39 	P5 	P6
  *ba40 	CP3 	CP4
  *ba41 	C5 	T8
  *ba42 	T7 	C6
  *BROCA/44R 	F5 	FC6
  *ba45 		F8
  *ba46 	AF7 	F6
  *ba47 	F7 	F8

==== Closest Brodmann area to each 10-10 electrode ====

ELECTRODE / SITE
  *FP1 	ba10L
  *FPz 	ba10L
  *FP2 	ba10R
  *AF7 	ba46L
  *AF3 	ba09L
  *AFz 	ba09L
  *AF4 	ba09R
  *AF8 	ba46R
  *F7 	ba47L
  *F5 	ba46L
  *F3 	ba08L
  *F1 	ba08L
  *Fz 	ba08L
  *F2 	ba08R
  *F4 	ba08R
  *F6 	ba46R
  *F8 	ba45R
  *FT9 	ba20L
  *FT7 	ba47L
  *FC5 	BROCLA
  *FC3 	ba06L
  *FC1 	ba06L
  *FCz 	ba06R
  *FC2 	ba06R
  *FC4 	ba06R
  *FC6 	ba44R
  *FT8 	ba47R
  *FT10 ba20R
  *T7 	ba42L
  *C5 	ba42L
  *C3 	ba02L
  *C1 	ba05L
  *Cz 	ba05L
  *C2 	ba05R
  *C4 	ba01R
  *C6 	ba41R
  *T8 	ba21R
  *TP7 	ba21L
  *CP5 	ba40L
  *CP3 	ba02L
  *CP1 	ba05L
  *CPz 	ba05R
  *CP2 	ba05R
  *CP4 	ba40R
  *CP6 	ba40R
  *TP8 	ba21R
  *P9 	ba20L
  *P7 	ba37L
  *P5 	ba39L
  *P3 	ba39L
  *P1 	ba07L
  *Pz 	ba07R
  *P2 	ba07R
  *P4 	ba39R
  *P6 	ba39R
  *P8 	ba37R
  *P10 	ba37R
  *PO7 	ba19L
  *PO3 	ba19L
  *POz 	ba17L
  *PO4 	ba19R
  *PO8 	ba19R
  *O1 	ba18L
  *Oz 	ba17R
  *O2 	ba18R

Here is the anatomical gyral names of the various Brodmann areas. Recall that there is a Brodmann area in both left and right hemisphere, the homologues.
Gyrus (Functional name)

  *1-3 – intermediate, caudal, and rostral postcentral (Primary Somatosensory Cortex)  
  *4 - gigantopyramidal (Primary Motor Cortex)
  *5 - preparietal (Somatosensory Association Cortex)
  *6 - agranular frontal (Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex)
  *7 - superior parietal (Somatosensory Association Cortex)
  *8 - intermediate frontal (includes Frontal eye fields)
  *9 - granular frontal (Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLFC)
  *10 - frontopolar (DLFC)
  *11 - prefrontal (Orbitofrontal)
  *12 - prefrontal (Orbitofrontal)
  *17 - striate (Primary visual cortex, V1)
  *18 - parastriate (Secondary visual cortex, V2)
  *19 - peristriate (Tertiary or Associative visual cortex, V3)
  *20 - inferior temporal
  *21 - middle temporal
  *22 - superior temporal (caudal section considered Wernicke's area by most)
  *23 - ventral posterior cingulate
  *24 - ventral anterior cingulate
  *31 - dorsal posterior cingulate
  *32 - dorsal anterior cingulate
  *37 - occipitotemporal
  *38 - temporopolar (temporal pole)
  *39 – angular
  *40 - supramarginal
  *41-42 – ant. & posterior transverse temporal
  *44 - opercular (part of Broca's area on left hemisphere)
  *45 - triangular (part of Broca's area on left hemisphere)
  *46 - middle frontal
  *47 - orbital
  *48 - retrosubicular

EXCLUDED FROM SKIL BRODMANN MONTAGE due to small size and distance from scalp
  *25 - subgenual*
  *26 - ectosplenial*
  *28 - entorhinal*
  *29 - granular retrolimbic *
  *30 - agranular retrolimbic *
  *33 - pregenual *
  *34 - dorsal entorhinal *
  *35 - perirhinal *
  *36 - ectorhinal *
  *43 - subcentral *
  *52 - parainsular * 

**FP1** covers Brodmann area 10 on the front left side of the frontal lobe. This is part of the prefrontal cortex, that highly developed part of the brain which sets us apart from other mammals since it is responsible for the execution of cognitive tasks. Complex behaviours and simultaneous mental activities need a kind of working memory that keeps track of running tasks in either pending states or executive states. For most cognitive functions information needs to be retrieved after completion of another task. The prefrontal cortex co-ordinates all of this mental traffic and shows clear elevation in beta levels when performing calculative tasks, logical puzzles or other intellectual questions. FP2 covers the right side of the prefrontal cortex.
**
F7 and F8** cover parts of the frontal cortex. The frontal cortex is involved in integrating sensory information with data retrieval from memory locations. This way new sensory information can be compared with earlier perceptions. Area 45 – which is one part of Broca’s area, a brain centre dedicated to language production – at position F8 is also believed to recover semantic information and to evaluate that information in the light of the current context.

**C3 and C4** are located on top of the primary somatosensory cortex, in the parietal part of the cortex. This is a clearly defined strip on top of the brain responsible for processing touch and sensation as well as keeping track of the location of your body parts (proprioception).

The two electrodes at the back of the headset,** O1 and O2** for the occipital area of the cortex, cover the secondary visual cortex which is processing information relating to visual association. Cells are tuned to simple properties such as orientation, spatial frequency, and color. Depending on the exact positioning of the headset – which is likely to be slightly different per individual – they might also track the primary visual cortex from which the information is forwarded to the secondary visual cortex. Primary cortex here corresponds to Brodmann area 17 and the secondary to area 18. The connectivity between primary and secondary cortices is important for visual memory.

**1 2 & 3 Bilateral**
  * Localize pain    
  * Localize touch and vibration 
  * Localize temperature 
  * Sense of fingers    
  * Sense of body 
  * Move hands    
  * Move mouth and tongue    
  * Swallowing    
  * Anticipate pain (2, 3) 
  * Anticipate tickling 
  * Mirror neurons    
	
**1 2 & 3 L**
	
**1 2 & 3R**
(Primary motor cortex - Precentral gyrus)
	
**4**
  * Muscle sequences    
  * Move hands
  * Limbs    
  * Sense of our fingers    
  * Softness and vibration    
  * Move tongue and mouth 
  * Actions, Touches    
  * Swallow    
  * Voluntary breathing    
  * Muscle imagery    
  * Blinking    
  * Eye movements    
  * Bicycling 
	
**4L**
  * Tactile 
	
**4R**
  * Verbal encoding during episodes 
(Secondary sensorimotor cortex )

**5**
  * Chaotic patterns 
  * Spatial reasoning 
  * Muscle imagery    
  * Tool-use gestures    
  * Muscles 
  * Mirror neurons 
  * Coordinate hands    
  * Saccades    
  * Working memory    
  * Tactile 
  * Pain 
  * Muscle locations    
	
**5L**
  * Imitate novel actions 
	
**5R**
  * Action memory 
(Premotor cortex or Lateral Premotor Area (PMA); Supplementary Motor Area (SMA))
	
**6**
  * Action planning 
  * Action learning 
  * Start moves 
  * Muscle imagery    
  * Imagined moves    
  * Voluntary breathing    
  * Saccades    
  * Laughter, smiling 
  * Words    
  * Language    
  * Language switching 
  * Understand speech    
  * Lipreading 
  * Human voices 
  * Acoustic rhythms    
  * Generate melodies 
  * Working memory    
  * Mnemonics    
  * Episodes 
  * Topographic memory 
  * Locations    
  * Self-reflection 
  * Update locations 
  * Eye guidance 
  * Observe actions (Mirror neurons)    
  * Solve novelty    
  * Orchestrate 
  * Calculation    
	
**6L**
  * Speech muscles    
  * Novel words 
  * Phonemes 
  * Object names    
  * Deduction    
  * Inhibit response 
	
**6R**
  * Sequential moves 
  * Monitor errors 
  * Strong odors 
  * Same or different 
(Superior parietal lobule)
	
**7**
  * Self-reflection 
  * Goals 
	
**7L**
  * Recall episodes 
  * Tool use 
  * Handwriting and spelling 
  * Shift attention 
  * Language 
  * Literalness 
  * Imageability 
	
**7R**
  * Personal space    
  * Estimate 
  * Meta-emotions 
  * Visuospatial attention 
  * Mental rotation    
  * Stereopsis    
  * Line bisection judgments 
(Lateral and medial supplementary motor area)

**8**
  * Muscle learning    
  * Muscle imagery    
  * Muscle control    
  * Saccades    
  * Laughter, smiling 
  * Executive control 
  * Planning    
  * Speech programs 
  * Language processing 
  * Language translation 
  * Generating sentences 
  * Lipreading 
  * Working memory 
  * Perceptual priming 
  * Topographic memory 
  * Visuospatial and visuomotor attention 
  * Sequence learning    
  * Proprioceptive stimulation    
  * Pain anticipation 
  * Processing uncertainty 
  * Inductive reasoning 
  * Calculation    
  * Auditory imagery 
	
**8L**

**8R**
  * Memory retrieval    
  * Nonconscious saccades 
(Middle frontal gyrus)

**9**
  * Short-term memory 
  * Recency 
  * Orchestrate behavior 
  * Verbal fluency 
  * Word-stem completion 
  * Error detection 
  * Human voices 
  * Infer (a, b, ?)
  * Intentions 
  * Action authorship 
  * Energize 
	
**9L**
  * Generate sentences 
  * Inference    
  * Idioms    
  * Categorization 
	
**9R**
  * Suppress sadness 
  * Working memory    
  * Spatial memory    
  * Recognition    
  * Recall    
  * Recognize emotions 
  * Planning 
  * Calculation    
  * Familiar odors 

**10**
  * Working memory    
  * Spatial memory    
  * Recognition    
  * Recall    
  * Intentional forgetting 
  * Nonspeech sounds 
  * Recognize emotions 
  * Calculation    
  * Pain 
  * Joint attention 
	
**10L**
  * Syntax(a)
  * Metaphor 
  * Lexical 
  * Verbs 
  * Self-reflection 
  * Self-appraise 
  * Inferences during reading 
	
**10R**
  * Recall episode(a)
  * Nonspeech sounds 
  * Familiar odors 
  * Reward vs conflict 
  * Risk vs benefit 
(Gyrus rectus)

**11**
  * Olfaction    
  * Nonspeech sounds 
  * Reward vs conflict    
	
**11L**
  * Unexpected outcomes 
  * Idioms 
  * Face-name 
	
**11R**
  * Self-calm 
  * Odors 

**12**

**
12L**

**12R**
(Insular Cortex)

**13**
  * Expectation of painful stimulation 
  * Reward fluctuation 
  * Pain processing 
  * Heat    
  * Touch    
  * Vibration 
  * Vestibulation 
  * Olfaction and taste    
  * Verbal memory    
  * Action planning 
  * Swallowing 
  * Categorization    
  * Error awareness 
  * Motivated reasoning 
  * Risk-taking 
  * Emotional inhibition 
  * Express fear or disgust    
  * Vocal pitch 
  * Humor appreciation 
	
**13L**
  * Phonemes 
	
**13R****Bold Text**
(Primary visual cortex)

**17**
  *Receive
     * Light intensity    
     * Orderly visual patterns    
     * Contours    
     * Colors    
     * Spatial orientation    
     * Motion 

  *Organize
    * Visual attention    
    * Visual priming    

  *Express
    * Help saccade eyes 
	
**17L**

**17R**
  * Visuo-spatial    
(Secondary visual cortex -Middle occipital gyrus)

**18**
  *Receive
    * Light intensity    
    * Motion 
    * Orderly visual patterns    
    * Understand finger gestures 
  *Organize
    * Monitor color and shape    
    * Visual priming    
    * Face-name 
  *Express
    * Help saccade eyes 
	
**18L**
  * Visual word form 
  * Visual mental imagery 
	
**18R**
  * Visuo-spatial and visuo-emotional processing 
(Secondary visual cortex - Inferior occipital gyrus)

**19**
  *Receive
    * Light intensity    
    * Visual patterns    
    * Motion    
    * Understand finger gestures 
    * Sign language 

  *Organize
    * Monitor color and shape 
    * Feature-based attention 
    * Orientation-selective attention 
    * Visual priming 
    * Visual memory recognition 
    * Spatial working memory 
    * Phonological demands 
	
**19L**
  * Saccades 
  * Visual imagery    
  * Inferential reasoning 
	
**19R**
  * Animacy 
  * Visuospatial challenge 
  * Motion 
  * Visuo-spatial    
  * Visual priming 
  * Visual recognition 
  * Spatial working memory 
  * Face-name 
  * Saccades a)
  * Visual imagery 
(Inferior temporal, Fusiform and Parahippocampal gyri)
	
**20**
  * Visual fixation 
  * Identify intention 
	
**20L**
  * Suspicion 
  * Truth telling 
  * Process latter parts of sentences 
  * Visual categorization 
  * Lexical categories    
  * Metaphor comprehension 
  * Language comprehension and production 
  * Monitor speech 
	
**20R**
  * Category ambiguity 
  * Perceptual closure 
  * Working memory 
(Middle temporal gyrus)
	
**21**
  * Categorization    
  * Observe motion 
  * Complex sounds 
  * Attribute intention 
	
**21L**
  * Monitor text and speech    
  * Sentence generation 
  * Word generation 
  * Deductive reasoning    
	
**21R**
  * Prosody    
(Superior Temporal Gyrus - Part of Wernicke's area)

**22**
  * Sentence generation 
  * Word generation 
  * Monitor speech 
  * Repeating words 
  * Complex sounds 
  * Deductive reasoning 
	
**22L**
  * Auditory language    
  * Categorization    
  * Learning tone-based 2nd language 
	
**22R**
  * Affective prosody 
  * Nonverbal sounds 
  * Previous eye movements 
(Posterior cingulate gyrus)

**23**
  * Action memory    
  * Episodic retrieval 
  * Recall 
  * Resolve proactive interference 
  * Learn complex procedure 
  * Finger movements 
  * Temperature processing 
  * Visual discrimination 
  * Evaluative judgment 
  * Self/other distinction 
  * Classical conditioning 
	
**23L**
  * Lexical categories    
  * Fear conditioning 
  * Threatening words 
  * Mood swings 
	
**23R**
  * Cortical hub in infancy 
  * Disconnects with trauma 
  * Word and face encoding 
(Anterior cingulate gyrus)

**24**
  * Process pain or unpleasantness 
  * Inhibiting responses    
  * Processing emotional cues    
  * Muscle strategy    
  * Sense of balance    
  * Episodic memory    
  * Timekeeping or time-based memory    
  * Visuospatial attention    
  * Divided attention    
  * Auditory attention    
  * Self-other overlap    
  * Process familiar odors    
  * Taste    
  * Sexual arousal    
  * Reasoning    
  * Working memory    
	
**24L**
  * Object-naming    
  * Verbal fluency 
  * Induction 
  * Remembering after delay 
  * Multitasking 
  * Worry 
  * Mood swings 
	
**24R**
  * Sustain response set 
  * Verbal initiation and suppression  
  * Memory retrieval    
  * Conflict monitor 
  * Monitors consequences of actions 
  * Suppress aggression 
  * Mood swings 
(Subgenual gyrus)

**25**
  * Moral reasoning 
	
**25L**
  * Evaluate emotional words    
	
**25R**

**26**

26L

26R**
(Hippocampal areas - Part of medial temporal lobe)
	
**27**
  * Pattern separation (overlapping representations are made less similar)    
  * Face memory    
  * Picture memory    
  * Auditory memory(a)
  * Emotions 
  * Categories    
  * Visual memory 
  * Autobiographical memory    
  * Olfactory and gustatory memory    
  * Recognition, recall and retrieval    
  * Procedural memory consolidation    
  * Memory for novelty 
  * Memory for negative stimuli    
  * Face-based emotional perception    
  * Erotica    
  * Experience stress 
  * Congruent facial movements (mirror neurons) 
  * Craving 
  * Hunger 
  * Embarassment 
  * Spatial    
  * Landmarks (a, b, c )
  * Novelty 
  * Past and future events    
  * Anticipating regret 
  * Insight 
  * Decision-making 
	
**27L**
  * Categorization (a, b, c,)
	
**27R

**28**

**28L**

**28R**

**29**
  * Precautions 

**29L**

**29R**

**30**

**30L**
  * Attending to speech 
  * Listening to sentences 
	
**30R**

**31**

**31L**
  * Self-evaluation 
	
**31R**

**32**
  * Activated by affective distress 
	
**32L**
  * Visual uncertainty 
  * Mood regulation 
	
**32R**
  * Sustain response set 
  * Identify pain 
  * Self-insight 
  * Reward 
  * Reappraise negative emotions 

**33
33L

33R

34

34L

34R

35

35L

35R

36

36L

36R**
(Posterior inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus)

**37**
  * Episodes 
  * Faces    
  * Motion    
  * Visual fixation 
  * Monitor color and shape    
  * Intentions 
  * Drawing 

**37L**
  * Categorization    
  * Word retrieval    
  * Sign language 
  * Metaphor 
  * Reading (GPC) 
  * Face-name 
  * Deduction 
  * Numbers 
	
**37R**
  * Familiarity judgments 
  * Face identity 
(Temporal pole)

**38**
  * Intentions    
  * Moral judgments    
  * Experience emotions    
  * Identify emotions 
  * Attachment    
  * Categorization    
  * Speech comprehension    
  * Verbal disambiguation 
  * Stories    
  * Aversive sounds 
  * Familiarity 
  * Humor    
	
**38L**
  * Self/other    
  * Attend to speech    
  * Inferences 
  * Identify social emotions 
  * Aversiveness 
  * People’s names 
  * Music appreciation 
	
**38R**
  * Familiar voices 
  * Irony 
  * Faux pas 
  * Social behavior 
(Angular gyrus; Part of Wernicke's area)

**39**
  * Reading    
  * Spatial focusing 
  * Theory of mind 
  * Executive control 
  * Action sequences 
	
**39L**
  * Sentence generation 
  * Verbal creativity 
  * Numerical facts    
  * Calculation    
	
**39R**
  * See differently from others 
  * Visuospatial 
  * Sight reading of music 
  * Self-relevance 
  * Resolve surprise 
  * Action authorship 
  * Situational context 
(Inferior parietal lobule - Supramarginal gyrus)

**40**
  * Attend to phonemes 
  * Categorization 
  * Verbal creativity 
  * Aversiveness    
  * Emotional working memory 
  * Conscious recollection 
  * Visual grasping 
  * Gesture imitation    
  * Visuomotor planning 
  * Repetitive passive movements 
  * Intention/conflict detection 
  * Somatosensory    
  * Motion    
  * Deduction    
  * Empathy 
  * Music performance 
  * Goals 
  * Imitate novel actions 
	
**40L**
  * Calculation (integer computation) 
  * Verbal creativity 
	
**40R**
  * Sentences 
  * Self-reflection 
  * Same or different 
  * Sustain attention 
(Primary auditory cortex - Heschl's gyrus)
	
**41**
  * Auditory 
  * Harmony    
  * Sound intensity    
  * Pitch    
  * Vowel segregation    
  * Auditory priming    
  * Auditory working memory 
  * Visual speech perception    
	
41L
	
**41R**
(Secondary auditory cortex)

**42**
  * Auditory 
  * Harmony    
  * Sound intensity    
  * Pitch    
  * Vowel segregation    
  * Auditory priming    
  * Auditory working memory 
  * Visual speech perception    
	
**42L**
**	
42R**
(Subcentral area)
	
**43**
  * Tactile digit stimulation 
  * Spoken language 
	
**43L**
	
**43R**
(Inferior frontal gyrus - Pars opercularis)
	
**44**
  * Word generation 
  * Unintelligible speech b
  * Attend to speech 
  * Syntactic working memory    
  * Working memory    
  * Episodic memory 
  * Declarative memory 
  * Mirror other's movements    
  * Speech programs 
  * Tactile imagery 
  * Goals 
  * Word and face encoding 
  * Arithmetics 
  * Object manipulation 
  * Familiar odors    
  * Music appreciation 
	
**44L**
  * Linguistic fluency    
  * Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion    
  * Grammar    
  * Sequential sounds 
  * Lexical inflection 
  * Sentence comprehension 
  * Imitate finger movements 
  * Phonemes 
	
**44R**
  * Express emotions 
  * Speech intonation    
  * Sentence comprehension 
  * Inhibition actions 
  * Generate melodies 
  * Monitor actions 
(Inferior frontal gyrus - Pars triangularis)
	
**45**
  * Semantic & phonological processing 
  * Generate words    
  * Verbal fluency    
  * Lexical search 
  * Phonemes    
  * Grammar 
  * Categories    
  * Sign language 
  * Reason    
  * Metaphors    
  * Working memory    
  * Episodic memory 
  * Declarative memory 
  * Digits 
  * Mirror movement neurons    
  * Response inhibition    
  * Mental rotation 
  * Word and face encoding 
  * Aesthetic and music appreciation    
  * Modulate emotions 
	
**45L**
  * Attend to speech 
  * Lexical inflection 
  * Generate melodic phrases 
  * Familiar odors    
  * Retrieving categories 
  * Phonemes 
**	
45R****Bold Text**
  * Affective prosody 
  * Monitor actions 
  * Timed behavior 
(Medial frontal gyrus)
	
**46**
  * Memory recognition    
  * Working memory    
  * Categorization    
  * Monitor 
  * Chewing 
  * Drawing 
  * Mirror neurons 
  * Saccades 
  * Intention/conflict detection 
  * Music appreciation 
  * Willfulness 
  * Strategy 
	
**46L**
  * Verbal fluency    
  * Phonemes 
  * Self-reflection 
	
**46R**
(Inferior frontal gyrus - Pars orbitalis)
**
47**
  * Categorization 
  * Phoneme    
  * Lexical inflection 
  * Attend to speech 
  * Working memory    
  * Episodic memory 
  * Adverse emotional inhibition 
  * Temporal coherence 
  * Intention 
  * Deduction    
	
**47L**
  * Idioms 
  * Make inferences during reading 
  * Categorization    
  * Familiar odors    
  * Retrieve categories 
  * Music 
	
**47R**
  * Affective prosody  
  * Behavioral inhibition 
  * Manage conflict and reward 
  * Monitor actions 
  * Monitor unattended informatio